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合肥市传染病收治管理办法

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合肥市传染病收治管理办法

安徽省合肥市人大常委会


合肥市传染病收治管理办法
合肥市人民代表大会常务委员会


(1999年8月18日合肥市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议通过1999年12月15日安徽省第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议批准)


第一条 为了加强传染病收治管理,规范收治行为,预防和控制传染病的发生与流行,保障人民身体健康,根据《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》(以下简称《传染病防治法》)及有关法律、法规,结合本市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本市行政区域内的各级各类医疗、卫生防疫机构必须遵守本办法。
第三条 本办法所称传染病是指《传染病防治法》规定的甲、乙类传染病。
第四条 市、县(区)卫生行政部门对本行政区域内传染病的收治工作实施统一监督管理。
市、县(区)卫生防疫机构按照专业分工承担责任范围内的传染病监测管理工作。
第五条 对传染病收治工作做出显著成绩和贡献的单位和个人,各级政府应当给予表彰奖励。
第六条 市卫生行政部门负责制定传染病收治机构设置方案。收治机构设置方案,经省卫生行政部门审核,报市人民政府批准。
第七条 医疗机构开展传染病收治工作,必须符合《合肥市传染病收治机构设置方案》和传染病收治的基本条件。
第八条 医疗机构开展传染病收治工作,必须向市卫生行政部门提出申请,领取《传染病收治许可证》。
第九条 医疗机构申请领取《传染病收治许可证》,应当向市卫生行政部门提出收治科目,提交《医疗机构执业许可证》。
市卫生行政部门自受理设置申请之日起30日内,作出批准与否的书面答复,批准设置的,发给《传染病收治许可证》。
第十条 《传染病收治许可证》由市卫生行政部门定期审核。对设置传染病专科门诊的医疗机构每年审核一次,对设置传染病病区(房)的,每三年审核一次。
《传染病收治许可证》不得涂改、转让或出借。
第十一条 各级各类医疗机构门诊必须实行传染病首诊报告制度,严格执行门诊日志制度。发现传染病病人或疑似传染病病人时,按照规定向卫生防疫机构报告疫情,并接受卫生防疫机构的业务指导。
第十二条 各级各类医疗机构必须实行传染病首诊负责制。发现传染病病人或疑似传染病病人时,应及时由许可收治的医疗机构诊治或确认;对合并患有传染病的危重病人和危重传染病病人,应当立即就地隔离抢救治疗,待病情稳定后,再转入许可收治的医疗机构。
第十三条 开展传染病收治工作的医疗机构,必须遵守传染病诊疗技术规范,建立健全院内感染管理组织,负责本单位消毒监测和技术指导工作;建立消毒隔离制度,传染病登记、报告、检查和奖惩制度,医护人员培训考核制度,传染病病人出入院管理、探视和陪护等制度并严格执行
,防止医源性感染和医院内感染。
第十四条 开展传染病收治工作的医疗机构,必须按照核准登记的诊疗科目收治传染病病人,不得推诿或拒收病人。
第十五条 开展传染病收治工作的医疗机构改变传染病收治场所或收治科目,必须按本办法审批程序办理变更手续。
第十六条 开展传染病收治工作的医疗机构,不得使用非专业技术人员从事传染病诊疗活动。
第十七条 市、县(区)卫生行政部门发现本地区发生从未有过的传染病或者国家已宣布消除的传染病时,应当立即组织隔离诊治,并向当地人民政府报告。
第十八条 市、县(区)卫生防疫机构应当对辖区内各级各类医疗机构的传染病疫情登记报告和管理情况定期进行核实、检查、指导。
接到甲类传染病病人、病原携带者或者疑似病人的污染场所的疫情报告后,应立即进行严格的卫生处理。
第十九条 在肠道传染病流行季节和发生传染病暴发流行时,各级各类医疗机构必须承担卫生行政部门指定的传染病收治工作。
第二十条 医疗机构违反本办法第八条规定,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令其停止收治病人,并处以1000元以上3000元以下罚款。
第二十一条 医疗机构违反本办法第十条第二款规定,由县级以上卫生行政部门没收其非法所得,并处以1000元以上3000元以下的罚款;情节严重的,由市卫生行政部门吊销其《传染病收治许可证》。
第二十二条 医疗机构违反本办法第十三条规定,有下列行为之一的,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令其限期改正,并处以1000元以上5000元以下罚款;情节较严重的,可以处5000元以上20000元以下的罚款,对主管人员和直接责任人员由其所在单位或者上级机关给予
行政处分:
(一)对被传染病病原体污染的污水、污物、粪便不按规定进行消毒处理的;
(二)对被甲类和乙类传染病病人、病原携带者、疑似传染病病人污染的场所、物品未按照卫生防疫机构的要求实施必要的卫生处理的;
(三)造成传染病的医源性感染、医院内感染的;
(四)使用消毒药剂和消毒器械、卫生用品、卫生材料、一次性医疗器材等不符合卫生标准,可能造成传染病的传播、扩散的。
第二十三条 医疗机构违反本办法第十四条规定的,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令其限期改正,逾期不改的,对单位予以警告;对主管人员及直接责任人员由其所在单位或者上级机关给予行政处分。
第二十四条 医疗机构违反本办法规定,造成传染病传播的,由县级以上卫生行政部门处以2000元以上10000元以下的罚款;造成严重后果的,由市卫生行政部门吊销其《传染病收治许可证》,对主管人员及直接责任人员给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十五条 违反本办法第十一条规定,对执行职务的医疗保健人员、卫生防疫人员和责任单位,不报、漏报、迟报传染病疫情的,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令其限期改正,对主管人员及直接责任人员由其所在单位或者上级机关根据情节,可以给予行政处分。
第二十六条 从事传染病的医疗、卫生防疫、监督管理的人员和政府有关主管人员玩忽职守,造成传染病传播流行的,由其所在单位或者上级机关给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十七条 本办法具体应用中的问题由市卫生行政部门负责解释。
第二十八条 本办法自2000年3月1日起施行。


(1999年12月15日安徽省第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议通过)


安徽省第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议审议了《合肥市传染病收治管理办法》,决定予以批准,由合肥市人民代表大会常务委员会公布施行。



1999年12月15日

中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例(附英文)

1993年12月13日,国务院

第一条 在中华人民共和国境内提供本条例规定的劳务(以下简称应税劳务)、转让无形资产或者销售不动产的单位和个人,为营业税的纳税义务人(以下简称纳税人),应当依照本条例缴纳营业税。
第二条 营业税的税目、税率,依照本条例所附的《营业税税目税率表》执行。
税目、税率的调整,由国务院决定。
纳税人经营娱乐业具体适用的税率,由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府在本条例规定的幅度内决定。
第三条 纳税人兼有不同税目应税行为的,应当分别核算不同税目的营业额、转让额、销售额(以下简称营业额);未分别核算营业额的,从高适用税率。
第四条 纳税人提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或者销售不动产,按照营业额和规定的税率计算应纳税额。应纳税额计算公式:
应纳税额=营业额×税率
应纳税额以人民币计算。纳税人以外汇结算营业额的,应当按外汇市场价格折合成人民币计算。
第五条 纳税人的营业额为纳税人提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或者销售不动产向对方收取的全部价款和价外费用;但是,下列情形除外:
(一)运输企业自中华人民共和国境内运输旅客或者货物出境,在境外改由其他运输企业承运乘客或者货物的,以全程运费减去付给该承运企业的运费后的余额为营业额。
(二)旅游企业组织旅游团到中华人民共和国境外旅游,在境外改由其他旅游企业接团的,以全程旅游费减去付给该接团企业的旅游费后的余额为营业额。
(三)建筑业的总承包人将工程分包或者转包给他人的,以工程的全部承包额减去付给分包人或者转包人的价款后的余额为营业额。
(四)转贷业务,以贷款利息减去借款利息后的余额为营业额。
(五)外汇、有价证券、期货买卖业务,以卖出价减去买入价后的余额为营业额。
(六)财政部规定的其他情形。
第六条 下列项目免征营业税:
(一)托儿所、幼儿园、养老院、残疾人福利机构提供的育养服务,婚姻介绍,殡葬服务;
(二)残疾人员个人提供的劳务;
(三)医院、诊所和其他医疗机构提供的医疗服务;
(四)学校和其他教育机构提供的教育劳务,学生勤工俭学提供的劳务;
(五)农业机耕、排灌、病虫害防治、植保、农牧保险以及相关技术培训业务,家禽、牲畜、水生动物的配种和疾病防治;
(六)纪念馆、博物馆、文化馆、美术馆、展览馆、书画院、图书馆、文物保护单位举办文化活动的门票收入,宗教场所举办文化、宗教活动的门票收入。
除前款规定外,营业税的免税、减税项目由国务院规定。任何地区、部门均不得规定免税、减税项目。
第七条 纳税人兼营免税、减税项目的,应当单独核算免税、减税项目的营业额;未单独核算营业额的,不得免税、减税。
第八条 纳税人营业额未达到财政部规定的营业税起征点的,免征营业税。
第九条 营业税的纳税义务发生时间,为纳税人收讫营业收入款项或者取得索取营业收入款项凭据的当天。
第十条 营业税由税务机关征收。
第十一条 营业税扣缴义务人:
(一)委托金融机构发放贷款,以受托发放贷款的金融机构为扣缴义务人。
(二)建筑安装业务实行分包或者转包的,以总承包人为扣缴义务人。
(三)财政部规定的其他扣缴义务人。
第十二条 营业税纳税地点:
(一)纳税人提供应税劳务,应当向应税劳务发生地主管税务机关申报纳税。纳税人从事运输业务,应当向其机构所在地主管税务机关申报纳税。
(二)纳税人转让土地使用权,应当向土地所在地主管税务机关申报纳税。纳税人转让其他无形资产,应当向其机构所在地主管税务机关申报纳税。
(三)纳税人销售不动产,应当向不动产所在地主管税务机关申报纳税。
第十三条 营业税的纳税期限,分别为五日、十日、十五日或者一个月。纳税人的具体纳税期限,由主管税务机关根据纳税人应纳税额的大小分别核定;不能按照固定期限纳税的,可以按次纳税。
纳税人以一个月为一期纳税的,自期满之日起十日内申报纳税;以五日、十日或者十五日为一期纳税的,自期满之日起五日内预缴税款,于次月一日起十日内申报纳税并结清上月应纳税款。
扣缴义务人的解缴税款期限,比照前两款的规定执行。
第十四条 营业税的征收管理,依照《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》及本条例有关规定执行。
第十五条 对外商投资企业和外国企业征收营业税,按照全国人民代表大会常务委员会的有关决定执行。
第十六条 本条例由财政部负责解释,实施细则由财政部制定。
第十七条 本条例自一九九四年一月一日起施行。一九八四年九月十八日国务院发布的《中华人民共和国营业税条例(草案)》同时废止。

附:营业税税目税率表
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
税 目 征收范围 税 率
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
一、交通运输业 陆路运输、水路运输、 3%
航空运输、管道运输、
装卸搬运
二、建筑业 建筑、安装、修缮、装 3%
饰及其他工程作业
三、金融保险业 5%
四、邮电通信业 3%
五、文化体育业 3%
六、娱乐业 歌厅、舞厅、卡拉OK 5%-20%
歌舞厅、音乐茶座、台
球、高尔夫球、保龄球、
游艺
七、服务业 代理业、旅店业、饮 5%
食业、旅游业、仓储
业、租赁业、广告业
及其他服务业
八、转让无形资产 转让土地使用权、 5%
专利权、非专利技
术、商标权、著作
权、商誉
九、销售不动产 销售建筑物及其他 5%
土地附着物
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

PROVISIONAL REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ONBUSINESS TAX

(State Council: 13 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
All units and individuals engaged in the provision of services as
prescribed in these Regulations (hereinafter referred to as 'taxable
services'), the transfer of intangible assets or the sale of immovable
properties within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be
taxpayers of Business Tax (hereinafter referred to be 'taxpayers'), and
shall pay Business Tax in accordance with these Regulations.
Article 2
The taxable items and tax rates of Business Tax shall be determined
in accordance with the
attached to these Regulations.
Any adjustments to the taxable items and tax rates shall be
determined by the State Council.
The specific tax rates applicable to taxpayers engaged in
entertainment businesses shall be determined by the People's governments
of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
central government within the range prescribed by these Regulations.
Article 3
For taxpayers engaged in taxable activities under different tax
items, the turnover, transfer and sales amounts (hereinafter referred to
as 'turnover') under different taxable items shall be accounted for
separately. If the turnover has not been accounted for separately, the
higher tax rate shall apply.
Article 4
For taxpayers providing taxable services, transferring intangible
assets on selling immovable properties, the tax payable shall be computed
according to the turnover and the prescribed tax rates. The formula for
computing the tax payable is as follows:
Tax payable = Turnover x Tax rate
The tax payable shall be computed in Renminbi, The turnover of the
taxpayer settled in foreign currencies shall be converted into Renminbi
according to the exchange rate prevailing in the foreign exchange market.
Article 5
The turnover of the taxpayers shall be the total consideration and
all other changes receivable from the payers for the provision of taxable
services transfer of intangible assets or sales of immovable properties by
the taxpayers, except for the following situations:
(1) For transportation enterprises which carry passengers or cargoes
from the territory of the People's Republic of China to over seas
locations and trans-ship passengers or cargoes to other transportation
enterprises overseas, the turnover shall be the balance of transport
charges for the whole journey less the transport charges paid to the
sub-contracted transportation enterprises.
(2) For travel enterprises which organize tourist groups to travel
outside the territory of the People's Republic of China and sub-contract
to other travel enterprises overseas, the turnover shall be the balance of
the tourist charges for the whole journey less the payments made to those
sub-contracted travel enterprises.
(3) For the main contractors in the construction business who
sub-contract work to others, the turnover shall be the balance of the
total contract sum less the payments made to the sub- contractors.
(4) For re-lending businesses, the turnover shall be the balance of
interest on lending less the interest on borrowing.
(5) For businesses buying and selling foreign currencies, marketable
securities and futures, the turnover shall be the balance of the selling
prices less the buying prices.
(6) Other situations as regulated by the Ministry of Finance.
Article 6
The following items shall be exempt from Business Tax:
(1) Nursing services provided by nurseries, kindergartens, homes for
the aged, welfare institutions for the handicapped, matchmaking and
funeral services.
(2) Services provided on individual basis by the disabled.
(3) Medical services provided by hospitals, clinics and other medical
institutions.
(4) Educational services provided by schools and other educational
institutions; and services provided by students participating in
work-study programs.
(5) Agricultural mechanical ploughing, irrigation and drainage,
prevention and treatment of plant diseases and insect pests, plant
protection, insurance for farming and animal husbandry, and related
technical training services; breeding and the prevention and treatment of
diseases of poultry, livestock and aquatic animals.
(6) Admission fees for cultural activities conducted by memorial
hall, museum, cultural centre, art gallery, exhibition hall, academy of
painting and calligraphy, library and cultural protective units; admission
fees for cultural and religious activities conducted at places of
religious worship.
Except as stipulated in the above paragraphs, the Business Tax
exemption and reduction items shall be regulated by the State Council.
Local governments or departments shall not regulate any tax exemption or
reduction items.
Article 7
For taxpayers engaged in tax exempt or tax reduced items, the
turnover shall be accounted for separately. if the turnover has not been
separately accounted for, no exemption of reduction is allowed.
Article 8
For taxpayers whose turnover has not reached the Business Tax minimum
threshold stipulated by the Ministry of Finance, the Business Tax shall be
exempt.
Article 9
The time at which a liability to Business Tax arises shall be the
date on which the business proceeds are received or documented evidence of
right to collect business proceeds is obtained by the taxpayer.
Article 10
Business Tax shall be collected by the tax authorities.
Article 11
Business Tax withholding agents are as follows:
(1) For financial institutions entrusted to grant loans, the
entrusted financial institutions shall be the withholding agents.
(2) For sub-contracting of construction and installation business,
the main contractors shall be the withholding agents.
(3) Other withholding agents as stipulated by the Ministry of
Finance.
Article 12
The place for the payment of Business Tax is as follows:
(1) Taxpayers providing taxable services shall report and pay tax to
the local competent tax authorities where the taxable services take place.
Taxpayers engaged in the transportation business shall report and pay tax
to the local competent tax authorities where the business establishment is
located.
(2) Taxpayers transferring land use rights shall report and pay tax
to the local competent tax authorities where the land is located.
Taxpayers transferring other intangible assets shall report and pay tax to
the local competent tax authorities where the establishment is located.
(3) Taxpayers selling immovable properties shall report and pay tax
to the local competent tax authorities where the immovable properties are
located.
Article 13
The Business Tax assessable period shall be five days, ten days,
fifteen days or one month. The actual assessable period of taxpayers shall
be determined by the competent tax authorities according to the magnitude
of the tax payable of the taxpayers; tax that cannot be assessed in
regular periods may be assessed on a transaction-by-transaction basis.
Taxpayers that adopt one month as an assessable period shall report
and pay tax within ten days following the end of the period. If an
assessable period of five days, ten days or fifteen days is adopted, the
tax shall be prepaid within five days following the end of the period and
a monthly tax return shall be filed with any balance of tax due settled
within ten days from the first day of the following month.
The tax payment deadlines for withholding agents shall be determined
with reference to the stipulations of the above two paragraphs.
Article 14
The collection and administration of Business Tax shall be conducted
in accordance with the relevant regulations of the Republic of China on Tax Collection and Administration> and these
Regulations.
Article 15
The collection of Business Tax from foreign investment enterprises
and foreign enterprises shall be conducted in accordance with the
resolutions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
Article 16
The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the interpretation
of these Regulations and for the formulation of the Detailed Rules and
Regulations for the Implementation of these Regulations.
Article 17
These Regulations shall come into effect from January 1, 1994, The

promulgated by the State Council on September 18, 1984 shall be repealed
on the same date.

BUSINESS TAX TAXABLE ITEMS AND TAX RATES TABLE
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Taxable
items Scope of charge Tax Rate %
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1. Communications
and transportation Transportation by land, water, 3
air and pipeline, loading
unloading and delivery
2. Construction Construction, installation,
repair, decoration and other
engineering work 3
3. Finance and insurance 5
4. Posts and
telecommunications 3
5. Culture and sports 3
6. Entertainment Singing bars, dance halls, 5-20
karaoke lounges, commercial
music halls, musical tea
houses, billiards, golf,
bowling and amusement
facilities
7. Servicing Agency, hotel, catering, 5
tourism, warehousing,
leasing, advertising and
other services
8. Transfer of
intangible assets Transfer of land-use rights, 5
patent rights, unpatchted
technologies, trade marks,
copyrights and goodwill
9. Sale of immovable
properties Sale of buildings and other 5
attachments to land
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Expansion of Applicable Sphere: A way to Uniformity
——Compare and Contrast between UNIDROIT and UNCITRAL Conventions
By Dongsheng Lu, Chen Yan

I. Introduction

Financing is paramount for the promotion of commerce. It has been noted that “in developed countries the bulk of corporate wealth is locked up in receivables”. As the economy develops, this wealth increasing is “unlocked by transferring receivables across national borders”. With the prompt and great increases in international trade, receivables financing now plays a more and more important role. Yet under the law of many countries, certain forms of receivables financing are still not recognized. Even transactions are involved in countries where the form of receivables financing is permitted, determining which law governs will be difficult. The disparity among laws of different jurisdiction increases uncertainty in transactions, thus constitutes obstacles to the development of assignments of receivables. To remove such obstacles arising from the uncertainty existing in various legal systems and promote the development of receivables financing cross-boarder, a set of uniform rules in this field is required. The international community has made great efforts in adopting uniform laws. Among those efforts, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) drafted, on 12 December, 2001, “United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade” (hereinafter referred to as the “UNCITRAL Convention”), with its aim to “establish principles and to adopt rules relating to the assignment of receivables that would create certainty and transparency and promote the modernization of the law relating to assignments of receivables”. UNCITRAL is not the first international organization attempting to resolve the problems associated with receivables. As early as in May 1988, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) has already adopted a convention known as the “UNIDROIT Convention on International Factoring” (hereinafter referred to as the “UNIDROIT Convention”).

When compare and contrast between the UNIDROIT Convention and the UNCITRAL Convention, one might see a lot of inconsistency in detailed regulations, e.g. sphere of application, relations between parties, priorities, and choice of law, etc. Given the limited space available in this article, the author may only focus on the difference in “sphere of application” of these two conventions, as sphere of application is perhaps the most fundamental issue of a convention.

The purpose of an international convention is to create uniformity in its covered matter, thus the broader a convention’s sphere of application is, the higher could uniformity reach. This article will try to make compare and contrast the sphere of application between the UNIDROIT Convention and the UNCITRAL Convention, illustrate the differences exist between these two conventions, and demonstrate the expansion of sphere of application in the UNCITRAL Convention and its progress on the way to uniformity.

II. Sphere of Application: Subject Matter

As its title indicates, the subject matter of the UNIDROIT Convention is of course international factoring. Article 1(1) says, “this Convention governs factoring contracts and assignments of receivables as described in this Chapter.”

For “factoring contract”, the UNIDROIT Convention provides the following 4 characteristics:

(1) purpose of the contract is to assign receivables;

(2) receivables to be assigned arises from contracts of sale of goods made between the supplier and its customers (debtors), other than those of sale of goods bought primarily for personal, family or household use;

(3) the factor is to perform at least two of the four functions: (i) finance for the supplier; (ii) maintenance of accounts (ledgering) relating to the receivables; (iii) collection of receivables; and (iv) protection against default in payment by debtors;

(4) notice of the assignment of the receivables is to be given to debtors.

As about “assignments of receivables as described in this Chapter”, article 2 (1) describes assignments of receivables as assignment of receivables pursuant to a factoring contract.

Factoring is just a subset of the receivables financing, and perhaps the oldest and most basic one. Besides factoring, receivables financing still entail the following forms,

(1) Forfeiting, similar to factoring, involves the purchase or discounting of documentary receivables (promissory notes, for example) without recourse to the party from whom the receivables are purchased;

(2) Refinancing, also known as secondary financing, involves the subsequent assignment of receivables. In its basic form, one bank or financier will assign to another bank its interest, with the potential for further assignment;

(3) Securitization, in which both marketable (for example, trade receivables) and non-marketable (consumer credit card receivables) asset cash flows are repackaged by a lender and transferred to a lender-controlled company, which will issue securities, sell and then use the proceeds to purchase the receivables;

(4) Project Finance, in which repayment of loans made by banks or financiers to project contractors for the financing of projects are secured through the future revenues of the project.

The first draft of the UNCITRAL Convention has stated to cover factoring, forfeiting, refinancing, securitization and project finance. Somehow, the working group decides that rather than emphasize the form in which the receivables appear, it would instead concentrate on the way in which the receivables might be transferred (contractual or non-contractual) and the purpose of the transaction (for financing or non-financing purposes). It decides the contractual receivables and assignment made to secure financing and other related services would be covered. The non-contractual receivables such as insurance and tort receivables, deposit bank accounts, or claims arising by operation of law seems are not within the ambits of the UNCITRAL convention.

III. Sphere of Application: Special Requirements

Both of the conventions contain a series of requirements. Only when those requirements are satisfied, could the convention be applied. The higher and stricter the requirements are, the smaller the chance to apply the convention is.

a) Internationality requirement

Both the two conventions indicate their sphere of application is of internationality requirement, but the same word in these two conventions has different legal meaning. The internationality requirement of UNIDROIT Convention is exclusively based upon the parties to the underlying contract, i.e. the contract of sale of goods (the supplier and the debtor) having their place of business in different countries. In other words, where the receivables arise from a contract of sale of goods between a supplier and a debtor whose places of business are in the same State, the UNIDROIT Convention could not apply, no matter the following assignment of receivables is to assignee in the same or different State. Thus leaving the international assignment of domestic receivables untouched. The problem, at its simplest, is twofold: first, inconsistency. For instance, in the case where a bulk assignment is made and where part of the receivables are domestic (supplier and debtor are in the same State) and part are international (supplier and debtor are in different State), if the supplier assigns the receivables to a party which is located in another State, the bulk assignment between the same supplier and the same assignee will be governed by two sets of laws and regulations: the portion of international receivables may be governed by the UNIDROIT Convention while the domestic one will be left to the jurisdiction of certain domestic law.

Secondly, leaving the international assignment of domestic receivables to the jurisdiction of various law systems of different States can make “commercial practice uncertain, time-consuming and expensive”. The assignee of receivables from a foreign State may not know which State’s law governs the transaction, and, if the law of the assignor’s State applies, the assignee’s rights would be subject to the vagaries of that foreign law. This no doubt would greatly impede the development of such transaction.